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	a)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Addition of flywheels to space flight exercise hardware in order to simulate free weight inertia increases wear on equipment and has resulted in costly repairs to exercise hardware in space. Ground based exercise studies have shown improved bone density and muscle strength with exercise equipment that use pneumatic resistance forces and have no added inertial forces beyond that derived from the mass of the human body.&amp;nbsp; An exhaustive literature search revealed no direct comparisons between pneumatic resistance exercise devices and weight stack or free weight exercises used to maintain or strengthen bone and muscle. In the absence of a direct comparison, exercise prescriptions and exercise equipment requirements specifying simulation of weight stack type rate dependent variability in forces on the ARED for health maintenance have been based upon opinion. Use of weight stack exercise equipment and flywheels to simulate weight stack characteristics reduces loads below the target level in up to half of the weight lifting cycle, results in poorly controlled rate dependent variability in loads, and can induce injurious peak loads. This variability undermines the exercise requirements for constant load with a high eccentric to concentric load ratio agreed upon by musculoskeletal and exercise scientists who defined ARED requirements for ISS. Numerous studies in the literature show exercise equipment that provides high concentric and eccentric loads improves bone density and muscle strength, with and without transient loads due to mass moment of inertia. Despite low levels of evidence&amp;nbsp; that impact&amp;nbsp; (separate from high sustained loads) is beneficial to bone and muscle, many exercise guidelines continue to state impact is desirable for bone maintenance. Impact is contraindicated in individuals with arthritis and joint injuries. Therefore, use of the ISS ARED to demonstrate that high constant loads without transient loads maintains bone and muscle will be beneficial to NASA in simplifying hardware design and maintenance and will improve exercise safety. Information generated in this proposed activity will be used to support&amp;nbsp; exercise improvements that will enhance durability, safety, and efficiency of exercise hardware for space flight.&lt;/p&gt;